Bio-Based Polyurethane Containing Isosorbide for Use in Composites and Coatings
Formulating polyurethane that can be used in composites or coatings containing isosorbide as part or all of the polyol phase and can be easily molded or cast into a film at ambient conditions.
Isosorbide is a renewable material derived from sorbitol, which is obtained from glucose. Isosorbide (Dianhydro-D-glucitol) is a nontoxic diol produced from bio-based feedstocks that is biodegradable and thermally stable. The purpose of this research is to formulate polyurethane for use in composites or coatings that contain isosorbide as part or all of the polyol phase and can be easily molded or cast into a film at ambient conditions. This research also explores the possibility of using isosorbide as a drop-in replacement for a commercial polyol in a polyurethane formulation. The raw materials used in this study are detailed in the accompanying table.
Isosorbide is a nontoxic diol and a white solid at room temperature. Two diols were selected to use as a solvent with isosorbide. The first diol was dipropylene glycol (DPG), a mixture of three isomeric chemical compounds, and the second was ethylene glycol (EG), a liquid organic compound. Glycerol, a polyol, was selected because it is polyfuntional, containing 3-hydroxyl groups, and is bio-based. Isosorbide was dissolved in the diols individually and in blends with glycerol at various levels. The Thinky ARE-250 conditioning mixer and Aquasonic sonicator 75D were used to create homogeneous blends of isosorbide at various percentages with the carrier diols/polyol.
The first method included 1-3 mixing cycles at 2,000 rpm for 10 minutes each on the Thinky ARE-250 mixer, followed by a 2-minute defoaming cycle. The second mixing method involved placing the sample vial in the Aquasonic sonicator 75D for 20-30 min. The temperature of the water was regulated between 25 and 50°C. The parameters set for this solubility study were that the blends should remain in solution upon standing at room temperature for 24 hours. The Thinky ARE-250 mixer proved ineffective for creating a homogeneous mixture. After three mixing cycles at 2,000 rpm for 10 minutes plus 2 minutes of defoaming, the blends were foamy, white, and contained noticeable amounts of undissolved isosorbide.
On the other hand, the Aquasonic sonicator mixing method resulted in clear, slightly yellow homogeneous blends. The temperature increase (25-50°C) most likely helped the isosorbide dissolve into the carrier diols/polyol. After the mixing method was established, the maximum load of isosorbide in each individual carrier was determined. The maximum load of isosorbide was also determined in various combinations with the diol/polyol blends. Isosorbide at 50-70 wt% of the polyol blend was able to stay in solution upon standing for 24 hours at room temperature. Mixtures containing isosorbide at 80-90 wt% did dissolve into solution but crystallized overnight.
This work was done by Faye R. Toulan of, TKC Global, and Joshua M. Sadler, and John J. La Scala for the Army Research Laboratory. For more information, download the Technical Support Package (free white paper) below. ARL-0021
This Brief includes a Technical Support Package (TSP).
Experiments in Vacuum Brazing of Titanium
(reference ARL-0021) is currently available for download from the TSP library.
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